Difference between revisions of "Script Course"

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'''Like sed, the awk command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, the awk command treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field. For example, the line “Hello, how are you?” has four fields: “Hello,” “how,” “are,” and “you?”. These fields can be referenced in the awk command using $1, $2, $3, and $4. For example, to display only the first and fourth words only on lines of the prologue file that contains the word “the,” you can use the fol- lowing command:
'''Like sed, the awk command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, the awk command treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field. For example, the line “Hello, how are you?” has four fields: “Hello,” “how,” “are,” and “you?”. These fields can be referenced in the awk command using $1, $2, $3, and $4. For example, to display only the first and fourth words only on lines of the prologue file that contains the word “the,” you can use the fol- lowing command:
'''
'''
  cat prologue | awk ’/the/ {print $1, $4}’
cat prologue | awk ’/the/ {print $1, $4}’
 
find . -type f \( -name "*.nef" -o -name "*.tif" \) | awk '/cable/ {print $1}'
 
[[File:Bashenvvariables.png|thumb|Bash Environment Variables]]
'''By default, the awk command uses space or tab characters as delimiters for each field in a line. Most configuration files on Linux systems, however, are delimited using colon ( : ) char- acters. To change the delimiter that awk uses, you can specify the –F option to the com- mand. For example, the following example lists the last 10 lines of the colon-delimited file / etc/passwd and views only the 6th and 7th fields for lines that contain the word “bob” in the last 10 lines of the file'''
'''By default, the awk command uses space or tab characters as delimiters for each field in a line. Most configuration files on Linux systems, however, are delimited using colon ( : ) char- acters. To change the delimiter that awk uses, you can specify the –F option to the com- mand. For example, the following example lists the last 10 lines of the colon-delimited file / etc/passwd and views only the 6th and 7th fields for lines that contain the word “bob” in the last 10 lines of the file'''
   tail /etc/passwd | awk –F : ’/bob/ {print $6, $7}’
   tail /etc/passwd | awk –F : ’/bob/ {print $6, $7}’
# prints lines 1 and 7 with search term 'system' \t adds the tab between fields
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '/system/ {print $1, "\t"$7'
# prints dir contents with links and p tags
ls | awk -F: '{print "<p> <a href=\""$1  "\">"$1 "</a></p>"}' > index.html
===List Environment Variables===
===List Environment Variables===
[[File:Bashenvvariables.png|thumb|Bash Environment Variables]]
 
'''Many environment variables are set by default in the BASH shell. To see a list of these vari- ables and their current values, you can use the set command, '''
'''Many environment variables are set by default in the BASH shell. To see a list of these vari- ables and their current values, you can use the set command, '''
  set | less
  set | less
===Setting User Variables===
*They can contain alphanumeric characters (0–9, A–Z, a–z), the dash (-) character, or the underscore (_) character.
*They must not start with a number.
*They are typically capitalized to follow convention (e.g., HOME, PATH
MYVAR = "hello"
echo $MYVAR
Use the '''export''' command to make a variable available to all sub-shells
export MYVAR
#env command is used to view user variables
env |grep MYVAR
===Environment Files===
Recall that variables are stored in memory. When a user exits the BASH shell, all variables stored in memory are destroyed along with the shell itself. To ensure that variables are acces- sible to a shell at all times, you must place variables in a file that is executed each time a user logs in and starts a BASH shell. These files are called environment files. Common BASH shell environment files and the order in which they are typically executed are as follows:
*/etc/profile
*/etc/bashrc
*~/.bashrc
*~/.bash_profile
*~/.bash_login
*~/.profile
==If Statements==
<pre>
echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:"
who
echo –e "\nWould you like to see the contents of /?(y/n) --> \c"
read ANSWER
if [ $ANSWER = "y" –o $ANSWER = "Y" ]
then
echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:"
ls –F /
fi
</pre>
==Select Case==
<pre>
#!/bin/bash
echo –e "What would you like to see?
Todays date (d)
Currently logged in users (u)
The contents of the / directory (r)
Enter your choice(d/u/r)--> \c"
read ANSWER
case $ANSWER in d | D ) echo -e "\nToday’s date is: \c"
date ;;
u | U ) echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:"
who
;;
r | R ) echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" ls –F /
;; *) echo –e "Invalid choice! \a"
;;
esac
</pre>
=[[Bash| Bash menu]]-[[Main_Page| Home]]=
=[[Bash| Bash menu]]-[[Main_Page| Home]]=
[[Category:Bash]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 14 November 2019

File Operators Tests

Escape Sequence
Test Statements
Commands used with pipe
  • -d File True if file is a directory
  • -e File True if file exists
  • -f File True if file exists and is a regular file
  • -r File True if file is readable by you
  • -s File True if file exist and is not empty
  • -w File True if the file is writable by you
  • -x File True if the file is executable by you
  • -z String True if string is empty
  • -n String true if string is not empty

Syntax

[condition to test for]

Example

[ -e /etc/passwd ]
-e True if file exists

Exit Status return codes

  • Every command returns an exit status
  • range from 0 - 255
  • 0 = success
  • Other than 0 = error condition
  • use for error checking

$? Contains the return code of the previously executed command

ls /not/here
echo "$?"

-

HOST = "google.com"
ping -c 1 $HOST
if [ "$?" -eq "0" ]
then 
echo "$HOST reachable."
else
echo "$HOST unreachable"
fi

' And and || or

  • && = And : if first fails the other won't be executed
mkdir /tmp/bak && cp test.txt /tmp/bak/
  • || OR - if one fails the other will be processed
cp test.txt /tmp/bak || cp test.txt /tmp

Redirection

redirect to non error using status code 1 to filename goodoutput

ls /etc 1>goodoutput
ls /etc > 2>badoutput

Redirect both at the same time

ls /etc >goodoutput 2>badoutput

tee command, which takes information from Standard Input and sends that information to a file, as well as to Standard Output.

cat prologue|tr a A|sort|pr –d|tee newfile|less

Chaining multiple commands

cp test.txt /temp; cp test.text /tmp

Bash Functions

#!/bin/bash
function hello(){
for NAME in $@
do
 echo "Hello $NAME"
done
}

Call Script

hello Jason Dan Ryan

Those three names will be processed individually

SED Command

The sed command is typically used to search for a certain string of text, and replaces that text string with another text string using the syntax s/search/replace/. For example, the following output demonstrates how sed can be used to search for the string “the” and replace it with the string “THE”

cat filename.text | sed /s/the/THE

Notice from the preceding output that sed only searched for and replaced the first occur- rence of the string “the” in each line. To have sed globally replace all occurrences of the string “the” in each line, simply append a g to the search-and-replace expression:

cat prologue | sed s/the/THE/g

You can also force sed to perform a search-and-replace on certain lines only. To replace the string “the” with “THE” globally on lines 5 to 8 only, you can use the following command:

cat prologue | sed 5,8s/the/THE/g

You can also use sed to remove unwanted lines of text. To delete all the lines that contain the word “the,” you can use the following command:

 cat prologue | sed /the/d

AWK Command

Like sed, the awk command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, the awk command treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field. For example, the line “Hello, how are you?” has four fields: “Hello,” “how,” “are,” and “you?”. These fields can be referenced in the awk command using $1, $2, $3, and $4. For example, to display only the first and fourth words only on lines of the prologue file that contains the word “the,” you can use the fol- lowing command:

cat prologue | awk ’/the/ {print $1, $4}’
find . -type f \( -name "*.nef" -o -name "*.tif" \) | awk '/cable/ {print $1}'
Bash Environment Variables

By default, the awk command uses space or tab characters as delimiters for each field in a line. Most configuration files on Linux systems, however, are delimited using colon ( : ) char- acters. To change the delimiter that awk uses, you can specify the –F option to the com- mand. For example, the following example lists the last 10 lines of the colon-delimited file / etc/passwd and views only the 6th and 7th fields for lines that contain the word “bob” in the last 10 lines of the file

 tail /etc/passwd | awk –F : ’/bob/ {print $6, $7}’
# prints lines 1 and 7 with search term 'system' \t adds the tab between fields
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '/system/ {print $1, "\t"$7'
# prints dir contents with links and p tags

ls | awk -F: '{print "

<a href=\""$1 "\">"$1 "</a>

"}' > index.html

List Environment Variables

Many environment variables are set by default in the BASH shell. To see a list of these vari- ables and their current values, you can use the set command,

set | less

Setting User Variables

  • They can contain alphanumeric characters (0–9, A–Z, a–z), the dash (-) character, or the underscore (_) character.
  • They must not start with a number.
  • They are typically capitalized to follow convention (e.g., HOME, PATH
MYVAR = "hello"
echo $MYVAR

Use the export command to make a variable available to all sub-shells

export MYVAR
#env command is used to view user variables
env |grep MYVAR

Environment Files

Recall that variables are stored in memory. When a user exits the BASH shell, all variables stored in memory are destroyed along with the shell itself. To ensure that variables are acces- sible to a shell at all times, you must place variables in a file that is executed each time a user logs in and starts a BASH shell. These files are called environment files. Common BASH shell environment files and the order in which they are typically executed are as follows:

  • /etc/profile
  • /etc/bashrc
  • ~/.bashrc
  • ~/.bash_profile
  • ~/.bash_login
  • ~/.profile

If Statements

echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:" 
who 
echo –e "\nWould you like to see the contents of /?(y/n) --> \c" 
read ANSWER 
if [ $ANSWER = "y" –o $ANSWER = "Y" ] 
then 
echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" 
ls –F / 
fi

Select Case

 #!/bin/bash
echo –e "What would you like to see? 
Todays date (d) 
Currently logged in users (u) 
The contents of the / directory (r) 
Enter your choice(d/u/r)--> \c" 
read ANSWER 
case $ANSWER in d | D ) echo -e "\nToday’s date is: \c" 
date ;; 
u | U ) echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:" 
who
;;

r | R ) echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" ls –F /
;; *) echo –e "Invalid choice! \a"
;;
esac

Bash menu- Home