Difference between revisions of "Script Course"

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==Tests==
== File Operators Tests==
[[File:Escape sequence.jpg|thumb|Escape Sequence]]
[[File:Test Statements.jpg|thumb|Test Statements]]
[[File:Pipecommands.png|thumb|Commands used with pipe]]
 
* -d File True if file is a directory
* -e File True if file exists
* -f File True if file exists and is a regular file
* -r File True if file is readable by you
* -s File True if file exist and is not empty
* -w File True if the file is writable by you
* -x File True if the file is executable by you
* -z String True if string is empty
* -n String true if string is not empty
 
Syntax
Syntax
  [condition to test for]
  [condition to test for]
Example
Example
  [ -e /etc/passwd ]
  [ -e /etc/passwd ]
-e True if file exists
==Exit Status return codes==
*Every command returns an exit status
* range from 0 - 255
* 0 = success
* Other than 0 = error condition
* use for error checking
'''$?'''  Contains the return code of the previously executed command
ls /not/here
echo "$?"
-
HOST = "google.com"
ping -c 1 $HOST
if [ "$?" -eq "0" ]
then
echo "$HOST reachable."
else
echo "$HOST unreachable"
fi
''' And and || or''
* && = And : if first fails the other won't be executed
mkdir /tmp/bak && cp test.txt /tmp/bak/
* || OR - if one fails the other will be processed
cp test.txt /tmp/bak || cp test.txt /tmp
==Redirection==
''' redirect to non error using status code 1 to filename goodoutput'''
ls /etc 1>goodoutput
ls /etc > 2>badoutput
'''Redirect both at the same time'''
ls /etc >goodoutput 2>badoutput
'''tee command, which takes information from Standard Input and sends that information to a file, as well as to Standard Output.'''
cat prologue|tr a A|sort|pr –d|tee newfile|less
== Chaining multiple commands==
cp test.txt /temp; cp test.text /tmp
==Bash Functions==
#!/bin/bash
function hello(){
for NAME in $@
do
  echo "Hello $NAME"
done
}
'''Call Script'''
hello Jason Dan Ryan
'''Those three names will be processed individually'''
===SED Command===
'''The sed command is typically used to search for a certain string of text, and replaces that text string with another text string using the syntax s/search/replace/. For example, the following output demonstrates how sed can be used to search for the string “the” and replace it with the string “THE” '''
cat filename.text | sed /s/the/THE
'''Notice from the preceding output that sed only searched for and replaced the first occur- rence of the string “the” in each line. To have sed globally replace all occurrences of the string “the” in each line, simply append a g to the search-and-replace expression:'''
cat prologue | sed s/the/THE/g
'''You can also force sed to perform a search-and-replace on certain lines only. To replace the
string “the” with “THE” globally on lines 5 to 8 only, you can use the following command:
'''
cat prologue | sed 5,8s/the/THE/g
'''You can also use sed to remove unwanted lines of text. To delete all the lines that contain
the word “the,” you can use the following command:'''
  cat prologue | sed /the/d
===AWK Command===
'''Like sed, the awk command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, the awk command treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field. For example, the line “Hello, how are you?” has four fields: “Hello,” “how,” “are,” and “you?”. These fields can be referenced in the awk command using $1, $2, $3, and $4. For example, to display only the first and fourth words only on lines of the prologue file that contains the word “the,” you can use the fol- lowing command:
'''
cat prologue | awk ’/the/ {print $1, $4}’
find . -type f \( -name "*.nef" -o -name "*.tif" \) | awk '/cable/ {print $1}'
[[File:Bashenvvariables.png|thumb|Bash Environment Variables]]
'''By default, the awk command uses space or tab characters as delimiters for each field in a line. Most configuration files on Linux systems, however, are delimited using colon ( : ) char- acters. To change the delimiter that awk uses, you can specify the –F option to the com- mand. For example, the following example lists the last 10 lines of the colon-delimited file / etc/passwd and views only the 6th and 7th fields for lines that contain the word “bob” in the last 10 lines of the file'''
  tail /etc/passwd | awk –F : ’/bob/ {print $6, $7}’
# prints lines 1 and 7 with search term 'system' \t adds the tab between fields
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '/system/ {print $1, "\t"$7'
# prints dir contents with links and p tags
ls | awk -F: '{print "<p> <a href=\""$1  "\">"$1 "</a></p>"}' > index.html
===List Environment Variables===
'''Many environment variables are set by default in the BASH shell. To see a list of these vari- ables and their current values, you can use the set command, '''
set | less
===Setting User Variables===
*They can contain alphanumeric characters (0–9, A–Z, a–z), the dash (-) character, or the underscore (_) character.
*They must not start with a number.
*They are typically capitalized to follow convention (e.g., HOME, PATH
MYVAR = "hello"
echo $MYVAR
Use the '''export''' command to make a variable available to all sub-shells
export MYVAR
#env command is used to view user variables
env |grep MYVAR
===Environment Files===
Recall that variables are stored in memory. When a user exits the BASH shell, all variables stored in memory are destroyed along with the shell itself. To ensure that variables are acces- sible to a shell at all times, you must place variables in a file that is executed each time a user logs in and starts a BASH shell. These files are called environment files. Common BASH shell environment files and the order in which they are typically executed are as follows:
*/etc/profile
*/etc/bashrc
*~/.bashrc
*~/.bash_profile
*~/.bash_login
*~/.profile
==If Statements==
<pre>
echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:"
who
echo –e "\nWould you like to see the contents of /?(y/n) --> \c"
read ANSWER
if [ $ANSWER = "y" –o $ANSWER = "Y" ]
then
echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:"
ls –F /
fi
</pre>
==Select Case==
<pre>
#!/bin/bash
echo –e "What would you like to see?
Todays date (d)
Currently logged in users (u)
The contents of the / directory (r)
Enter your choice(d/u/r)--> \c"
read ANSWER
case $ANSWER in d | D ) echo -e "\nToday’s date is: \c"
date ;;
u | U ) echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:"
who
;;
r | R ) echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" ls –F /
;; *) echo –e "Invalid choice! \a"
;;
esac
</pre>


=[[Bash| Bash menu]]-[[Main_Page| Home]]=
=[[Bash| Bash menu]]-[[Main_Page| Home]]=
[[Category:Bash]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 14 November 2019

File Operators Tests

Escape Sequence
Test Statements
Commands used with pipe
  • -d File True if file is a directory
  • -e File True if file exists
  • -f File True if file exists and is a regular file
  • -r File True if file is readable by you
  • -s File True if file exist and is not empty
  • -w File True if the file is writable by you
  • -x File True if the file is executable by you
  • -z String True if string is empty
  • -n String true if string is not empty

Syntax

[condition to test for]

Example

[ -e /etc/passwd ]
-e True if file exists

Exit Status return codes

  • Every command returns an exit status
  • range from 0 - 255
  • 0 = success
  • Other than 0 = error condition
  • use for error checking

$? Contains the return code of the previously executed command

ls /not/here
echo "$?"

-

HOST = "google.com"
ping -c 1 $HOST
if [ "$?" -eq "0" ]
then 
echo "$HOST reachable."
else
echo "$HOST unreachable"
fi

' And and || or

  • && = And : if first fails the other won't be executed
mkdir /tmp/bak && cp test.txt /tmp/bak/
  • || OR - if one fails the other will be processed
cp test.txt /tmp/bak || cp test.txt /tmp

Redirection

redirect to non error using status code 1 to filename goodoutput

ls /etc 1>goodoutput
ls /etc > 2>badoutput

Redirect both at the same time

ls /etc >goodoutput 2>badoutput

tee command, which takes information from Standard Input and sends that information to a file, as well as to Standard Output.

cat prologue|tr a A|sort|pr –d|tee newfile|less

Chaining multiple commands

cp test.txt /temp; cp test.text /tmp

Bash Functions

#!/bin/bash
function hello(){
for NAME in $@
do
 echo "Hello $NAME"
done
}

Call Script

hello Jason Dan Ryan

Those three names will be processed individually

SED Command

The sed command is typically used to search for a certain string of text, and replaces that text string with another text string using the syntax s/search/replace/. For example, the following output demonstrates how sed can be used to search for the string “the” and replace it with the string “THE”

cat filename.text | sed /s/the/THE

Notice from the preceding output that sed only searched for and replaced the first occur- rence of the string “the” in each line. To have sed globally replace all occurrences of the string “the” in each line, simply append a g to the search-and-replace expression:

cat prologue | sed s/the/THE/g

You can also force sed to perform a search-and-replace on certain lines only. To replace the string “the” with “THE” globally on lines 5 to 8 only, you can use the following command:

cat prologue | sed 5,8s/the/THE/g

You can also use sed to remove unwanted lines of text. To delete all the lines that contain the word “the,” you can use the following command:

 cat prologue | sed /the/d

AWK Command

Like sed, the awk command searches for patterns of text and performs some action on the text found. However, the awk command treats each line of text as a record in a database, and each word in a line as a database field. For example, the line “Hello, how are you?” has four fields: “Hello,” “how,” “are,” and “you?”. These fields can be referenced in the awk command using $1, $2, $3, and $4. For example, to display only the first and fourth words only on lines of the prologue file that contains the word “the,” you can use the fol- lowing command:

cat prologue | awk ’/the/ {print $1, $4}’
find . -type f \( -name "*.nef" -o -name "*.tif" \) | awk '/cable/ {print $1}'
Bash Environment Variables

By default, the awk command uses space or tab characters as delimiters for each field in a line. Most configuration files on Linux systems, however, are delimited using colon ( : ) char- acters. To change the delimiter that awk uses, you can specify the –F option to the com- mand. For example, the following example lists the last 10 lines of the colon-delimited file / etc/passwd and views only the 6th and 7th fields for lines that contain the word “bob” in the last 10 lines of the file

 tail /etc/passwd | awk –F : ’/bob/ {print $6, $7}’
# prints lines 1 and 7 with search term 'system' \t adds the tab between fields
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '/system/ {print $1, "\t"$7'
# prints dir contents with links and p tags

ls | awk -F: '{print "

<a href=\""$1 "\">"$1 "</a>

"}' > index.html

List Environment Variables

Many environment variables are set by default in the BASH shell. To see a list of these vari- ables and their current values, you can use the set command,

set | less

Setting User Variables

  • They can contain alphanumeric characters (0–9, A–Z, a–z), the dash (-) character, or the underscore (_) character.
  • They must not start with a number.
  • They are typically capitalized to follow convention (e.g., HOME, PATH
MYVAR = "hello"
echo $MYVAR

Use the export command to make a variable available to all sub-shells

export MYVAR
#env command is used to view user variables
env |grep MYVAR

Environment Files

Recall that variables are stored in memory. When a user exits the BASH shell, all variables stored in memory are destroyed along with the shell itself. To ensure that variables are acces- sible to a shell at all times, you must place variables in a file that is executed each time a user logs in and starts a BASH shell. These files are called environment files. Common BASH shell environment files and the order in which they are typically executed are as follows:

  • /etc/profile
  • /etc/bashrc
  • ~/.bashrc
  • ~/.bash_profile
  • ~/.bash_login
  • ~/.profile

If Statements

echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:" 
who 
echo –e "\nWould you like to see the contents of /?(y/n) --> \c" 
read ANSWER 
if [ $ANSWER = "y" –o $ANSWER = "Y" ] 
then 
echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" 
ls –F / 
fi

Select Case

 #!/bin/bash
echo –e "What would you like to see? 
Todays date (d) 
Currently logged in users (u) 
The contents of the / directory (r) 
Enter your choice(d/u/r)--> \c" 
read ANSWER 
case $ANSWER in d | D ) echo -e "\nToday’s date is: \c" 
date ;; 
u | U ) echo –e "\nThe people logged into the system include:" 
who
;;

r | R ) echo –e "\nThe contents of the / directory are:" ls –F /
;; *) echo –e "Invalid choice! \a"
;;
esac

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